What is the continent with the highest CBR and CDR?
Africa
What are the 3 most populous countries?
1. China2. India3.
USA
What are the 2 most useful indicators of a country’s health?
Infant Mortality rate and life expectancy
Infant Mortality Rate
death of children per 1000 before their 1st birthday
Replacement Level Fertility;
Number of children needed to replace parents
Why is the Replacement Level Fertility higher than 2?
Because of infant mortality
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children women have
What is Total Fertility Rate most useful for?
For predicting future population change
What is the leaing cause of infant mortality?
Malnutrition
Baby Boomers
Will strain social security Strain medicare as they ageInfluence government by demanding goods and services
What was the average TFR in 2006?
2.7-2.9
What percent of births outnumber deaths?
59%
What percent of the births came from illegal and legal immigration?
41%
What causes a baby bust?
Desired gender (gender imbalance)AbortionContraceptionDelayed marriage
How much of the world’s land do women possess?
<1%
How much of the world’s income do women receive?;
10%
What is the number of children a woman has affected by?
Having rightsEducationEmploymentInfant deathsAvailability of pensionContraception
What are the 3 age structure categories?
PrereproductiveReproductivePostreproductive
What countries have a negative growth rate?
Germany, Bulgaria, Sweden
Demographic Trap
Stuck in transition, population growth overwhelms economic growth
Preindustrial
high birth/death rate, high infant mortality
Transitional
Birth rates still high
Industrial
Birth rate decreases, most developed countries are at this place
Postindustrial
Birth/death rates are equal
How are grey wolves keystone species?
vegetation reestablishes, species diversity expands, food for scavengers
What are the use values?
Instrumental and intrinsic value
What are the nonuse values?
Existence, aesthetic, bequest values
Instrumental Value
Economic and ecological services
Intrinsic Value
Value based on existence, regardless of usefulness to humans
Existence Value
Satisfaction of knowing it exists
Aesthetic value
appreciate nature/beauty
Bequest
protect for future generations
What is the most common use of wood?
Fuel
Old Growth Forests
Have not been seriously disturbed for several hundreds of years
What are snags/fallen trees important?
Create habitat, recycle nutrients, holds soil
Second growth forests
Trees resulting from natural secondary succession. Tree farms are second growth
Tree Farms
planted stands of a particular tree species (monoculture)
Deforestation
Runoff or eroded soil into aquatic systems, premature extinction of species within specialized niches, regional climate change from extensive clearing, release of CO2 into atmosphere
Building ___ leads to fragmentation
roads
Selective Cutting
trees can be harvested individually from diverse forests
Clear cutting
an entire forest can be cut down
Selective Cutting
Portions of forest cut out, follows curve of mountain
